Genetic mutation linked to Alzheimer’s disease doubles rate of brain tissue loss: study

People who carry a genetic mutation associated with Alzheimer's disease may develop the disease three years earlier than expected, according to a new study from Keck Medicine of USC.

A magnetic resonance imaging scan shows brain tissue loss in a carrier of the TREM2 Alzheimer's risk gene variant at 24 months. (Photo/courtesy of Paul Thompson)

Scientists at the Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern Californi (USC) have mapped the effects of that genetic mutation, showing for the first time how the Alzheimer's risk factor affects the living human brain.

The discovery is detailed in the 17 October edition of The New England Journal of Medicine alongside five other studies focused on the TREM2 gene variant, whose link to Alzheimer's was first reported in January.

''Our lab studies the rate of brain tissue loss in elderly people, trying to discover factors that protect you as you age,'' says Paul M. Thompson, Ph.D., USC professor of neurology, psychiatry, engineering, radiology and ophthalmology and the study's principal investigator.

Thompson adds, ''We have never seen such a dramatic effect as with this genetic variant. If you carry this genetic mutation, we've found that there is this wildfire of tissue loss in the brain.''

Healthy people typically lose less than 1 per cent of their brain tissue a year, offset by normal tissue generation from mental stimulation, Thompson says. Symptoms of Alzheimer's begin to manifest when approximately 10 percent of the brain's tissue has eroded away.

''This is the first study to use brain scans to show what this gene variant does, and it's very surprising,'' he says. ''This gene speeds up brain loss at a terrific pace. Carriers of this genetic mutation, who comprise about 1 per cent of the population, lose about 3 per cent of their brain tissue per year. This is a silent time bomb in 1 per cent of the world.''

Thompson and colleagues compared brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 478 adults (average age 76 years old) participating in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative over two years.

The group included 283 men and 195 women from across North America; 100 participants had Alzheimer's disease, 221 had mild cognitive impairment and 157 were healthy elderly adults.

Keck researchers found that mutation carriers lost 1.4 per cent to 3.3 per cent more of their brain tissue than non-carriers, and twice as fast. The loss appears to be concentrated in the brain's temporal lobe and hippocampus, areas that play important roles in memory.

''This TREM2 mutation appears to multiply the risk of Alzheimer's by three or four times, which is very useful information. Enrolling those people who carry the mutation in clinical trials for Alzheimer's treatments could help us reach quicker and more meaningful results,'' Thompson said.