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28 june 2003
nhb
tier ii bonds for rs 400 cr
mumbai: the national housing bank has said that
it has privately placed tier ii bonds of rs 400 crore.
the bonds carry a coupon rate of 5.77 per cent per annum
and have a maturity of five years and three months. the
bank refinanced primary lending institutions in the housing
finance sector. during the period july 2002-june 2003,
it released refinance of rs 2,700 crore, an nhb release
said. it added that the tier-ii issue would help leverage
refinance operations and increase lending limits to housing
finance institutions.
state
co-op bank plans rs 400-cr loan disbursal
thiruvanathapuram: the kerala state co-operative
agricultural and rural development bank has programmed
to extend loans to the tune of rs 400 crore for various
schemes in the current year. of this, rs 164 crore will
be made available for new agricultural development projects
and land development schemes, while rs 100 crore has been
earmarked for starting industrial ventures and for buying
of vehicles under the non-agriculture head. k. sivadasan
nair, president, told newspersons here on saturday that
the bank, which had become one of the frontline housing
finance agencies in the state, would disburse rs 146 crore
in this sector during the current year. the bank will
introduce a gold loan scheme this year for the benefit
of the farmers who are members of the primary agricultural
and rural development banks in the state. with a ceiling
of rs 50,000, the loan will be available for periods of
three and six months and one year and depending on the
duration of the period, the interest rates will vary between
10 and 11 per cent. nair said the interest on interest
levied on the arrears due to the agricultural and rural
development banks would be fully waived from july 1.
27 june 2003
indusind
bank net up 41 per cent
kolkata: the indusind bank posted a net profit
of rs 71.35 crore during the fiscal ended march 31, 2003,
a 41 per cent growth over the previous fiscal's figure
of rs 50.75 crore. it has also selected credit rating
information services of india ltd (crisil) for implementing
credit risk assessment models. crisil will be implementing
five of its risk assessment models for different borrower
types namely large corporate, small & medium enterprises,
non-banking finance companies, traders and brokers, a
press release issued by indusind bank here on wednesday
stated. during the fiscal 2002-03, the bank posted an
operating profit of rs 308.51 crore, a 22.19 per cent
growth over the previous fiscal's figure of rs 252.48
crore. during the fiscal under review, it was also able
to bring down its net non-performing assets as a percentage
of net advances to 4.52 per cent from 6.59 per cent. its
profit per employee as of the fiscal under review stands
at rs 7.58 lakh as against the industry average of rs
3.74 lakh, the press release stated, adding "the
bank's business per employee for the fiscal to march 31,
2003 stands at rs 13.03 crore as against the industry
average of rs 4.67 crore." the bank's capital adequacy
ratio of 2002-03 stands at 12.0 per cent.
lic
plans to meet solvency margin needs by march next
new delhi: life insurance corporation (lic) has
prepared a roadmap to meet its solvency margin requirements
by march 31, 2004.
speaking
to newspersons on the sidelines of a ficci seminar on
`natural disasters - fiscal and financial risk management',
c.s. rao, chairman, insurance regulatory and development
authority (irda), said, "lic has given us a plan
to meet solvency margins by march 2004. we are satisfied
with it." he however, did not give details on how
the insurer plans to meet solvency regulations.
lic's requirement to meet the solvency margin stands at
rs 10,000 crore, of which it has already met rs 3,500
crore last year. the insurance company requires about
rs 6,500 crore more to meet regulatory requirements to
stay in business, rao also added that the government would
have to amend the lic act in order to increase its equity
capital from the present rs 5 crore to the prescribed
rs 100 crore.
dfc
chief for more thrust to city governance
mumbai: housing finance has established itself
as a healthy industry, but issues such as city governance
and services relating to the supply side of the housing
market are yet to be addressed, according to hdfc chairman,
deepak parekh. "while india has taken great strides
in a number of areas in recent years the one area that
still suffers from unchanged practices over decades resulting
in ever deteriorating services is that of urban development,''
parekh said in his statement to hdfc shareholders' in
the company's annual report of 2002/2003. according to
him, city governance - the issue of how cities are financed
and managed - has not been addressed adequately. "unless
there is true leadership that cares to make those changes
our cities and their citizens are condemned to suffer
appalling standards of management and waste in the delivery
of even the most basic of services such as water and water
disposal,'' he said.
pvt
banks eye building tools for deploying flush funds
mumbai: after commercial vehicle finance, private
sector banks are venturing into finance for construction
equipment, to deploy their excess funds. hdfc bank and
uti bank, the latest entrants in this market are capitalising
on the infrastructure development in the country, especially
through the construction of the golden quadrilateral and
the proposed river linkage project. the annual sales of
construction equipment in the country is estimated to
be rs 4,500 crore, most of which is financed by non-banking
finance companies and banks. loans in this sector are
typically term loans with tenors ranging between 3-5 years
and the deal size vary from as little as rs 7 lakh to
rs 2 crore. these loans are used to purchase equipment
such as dumpers, excavators, motor graders, compactors,
pavers, cranes, dozers and several more depending on the
requirements of the project.
bankers
discuss ways to boost credit flow
hyderabad: andhra bank, the convenor of the state
level bankers committee (slbc) of andhra pradesh, has
held the lead district managers conference here on wednesday
at its headquarters to evolve strategies to increase the
bank credit flow.
in a press release here, the bank said the lead district
managers of 23 districts and officials of the controlling
offices of the lead banks and the officials of the state
government, reserve bank of india (rbi), national bank
for agriculture and rural development (nabard) and insurance
have attended the day-long meet. according to the slbc
convener and the andhra bank general manager, a.l. nageswara
rao, the meet discussed strategies for the implementation
of the annual action plan for 2003-04, drought relief
measures, kharif crop loans, implementation of the government-sponsored
schemes and strategies to increase the bank credit flow.
rao informed the gathering that the slbc was taking all
the required measures to effectively implement the annual
action plan for 2003-04 with an outlay of rs 20,000 crore.
stanchart
plans private equity deals in healthcare
bangalore: standard chartered bank plans to pick
up equity in healthcare institutions and is conducting
due diligence on two such enterprises. the bank had three
proposals for private equity deals in the healthcare segment
and planned to lend the same to business process outsourcing
firms, the regional head for corporate, institutional
and wholesale banking, ashok sud, said. the bank plans
to cap its equity exposures in the healthcare segment
to 20-25 per cent in each enterprise. moreover, it plans
to lend as much as rs 50-75 crore to new or existing business
process outsourcing operators. "the health sector
has healthy growth", sud said. "we would be
interested in medical colleges also for debt exposure...
perhaps to fund for expansion or funding new equipments",
he added. "we are looking at financing healthcare,
infrastructure, it and ites projects", the ceo-india
region, christopher low, said. "the exposure could
be in forms of both debt and equity", low added.
the bank had earlier arranged for a $100-million preferential
private equity deal for idea cellular and retained "significant
amount of shares", low said.
psb
investments in gilts up 22 pc
chennai: public sector banks' investment in securities,
mostly in government securities, has risen by about 22
per cent during 2002-03, compared to 2001-02. the rise
in the outlay on investments is despite strong growth
in advances of about 14.5 per cent and is mainly due to
a robust growth in deposits of about 12 per cent. investments
in securities have risen by nearly rs 53,150 crore for
a set of 17 public sector banks, which exclude state bank
of india. for some banks such as corporation bank and
bank of baroda, which reported single digit growth in
advances, the outlay on investments have risen by more
than 30 per cent. banks such as punjab national bank and
canara bank, on the other hand, have managed large growth
of about between 15 and 20 per cent in both advances and
investments in securities. incidentally, apart from the
higher growth in deposits, the reduction in the size of
the call money market has also had an effect on growth
in investments in securities. though a one-to-one correlation
cannot be drawn, moneys' previously invested in the call
money market are now being partly invested in government
securities and `repos'. according to k.v. hegde, general
manager, treasury, canara bank: "the size of the
call money market has declined because there is no demand
for funds. the yields on call money investments have also
declined sharply and the rbi has also imposed limits on
the participation of each bank in the call money market."
uti bank plans rs 100-cr bonds
mumbai: the board of directors of uti bank ltd
has decided to issue non-convertible unsecured redeemable
debentures up to rs 100 crore in one or more tranches
as tier-ii capital. it also added that the bank's members
had approved the payment of 22 per cent dividend at its
annual general meeting. uti bank also announced that a.t.
pannir selvam and jayanth varma were appointed additional
directors with immediate effect. selvam will be the nominee
director of the administrator of the specified undertaking
of the uti and varma will be an independent director.
also, the bank today allotted 95,005 equity shares of
rs 10 each under esop to its employees. the paid-up share
capital of uti bank will accordingly increase to 23,02,93,894
equity shares from 23,01,98,890 previously.
film
industry yet to warm up to insurance
mumbai: big gains for an insurer, but miniscule
given the film industry's size. united india insurance
co ltd nearly doubled the size of its film insurance portfolio
over the last one year, to 43 films. the indian film industry
churns out more than 1,000 films annually. reported in
april 2002, the insurer's portfolio was 22 films-strong
since starting the business in 1998 with taal. "compared
to last year, premia collection has grown by 50 per cent,"
ajit g. gupta, development officer overseeing the business,
said. on the average straddling 1-1.5 per cent of a film's
budget, premia collection's overall growth rate trails
the increase in number of insured films because of the
variation in budget sizes. additions to united india's
kitty include titles such as saathiya, joggers park, asambhav,
ek aur ek gyaarah, chalte chalte, main hoon na, taj mahal,
khel, ganga jal, kal ho na ho, lakshya and deewar. claims
continue to be few and resolve at the insurer is to stay
on in the business provided profitability is maintained.
aviva
launches `lifeshield'
hyderabad: aviva life insurance, the joint venture
between dabur and aviva plc, launched its pure term insurance
policy - lifeshield - here on wednesday. the company said
lifeshield guaranteed a lumpsum amount in the unfortunate
event of the death of the life insured during the term
of the policy. however, according to the company, a key
feature of the policy is the offering of preferred rates
to aviva's pensionplus policyholders. while pensionplus
provides financial security to the policyholder post-retirement,
lifeshield offers financial security to the family members
in the event of the death of the individual during his
working life. "hence, a combination of lifeshield
and pensionplus is an ideal investment combining savings
post-retirement and protection in the eventuality of death,"
the company said.
25 june 2003
hdfc
bank goes retail with wholesale banking
mumbai: hdfc bank is expecting an exponential growth
in its wholesale banking segment, with the emerging opportunity
in the business of providing short-term and working capital
finance to vendors and distributors of its large corporate
customers.
called
"supply chain financing", this high-margin business
has huge potential - as large as retail banking itself
- as it provides bank access to a huge customer base comprising
small and medium scale enterprises with low levels of
non-performing assets. this also facilitates vendors and
distributors to get short-term funds at competitive rates
of interest. within a year and a half of the launch of
this financing avenue, hdfc bank has signed up over 50
top companies from industries like petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals,
automobiles and other agro-based industries. the bank
has created an asset portfolio of rs 15 billion and gained
access to as many as 1,300 vendor accounts and 200 dealer
relationship, samir bhatia, the bank's country head, corporate
banking, said. hdfc bank has the required technology,
efficient delivery capability and right market positioning
to expect an accelerated growth in the segment, bhatia
said.
states debt level may touch rs 12,00,000 crore by 2007'
mumbai: the state finances are in a dismal shape.
fiscal pressure is likely to mount as the debt level is
expected to grow to rs 12,00,000 crore by 2007, according
to a study conducted by the crisil. the debt levels of
state governments in 2002 were as high at over 26 per
cent of the gross domestic product (gdp). together with
their guaranteed off-balance sheet borrowings, the states'
aggregate debt burden was over a third of the gdp. "this
is very unlikely that the scenario will improve,"
said crisil's director (infrastructure rating) anil kumar.
the pressure on the states' fiscal position has come from
large and growing revenue and fiscal deficits in recent
years. rising state revenue deficit levels have been the
largest contributor at about 60 per cent of the states
gross fiscal deficit (gfd), primarily because of interest
charges on funds borrowed to meet revenue expenditure.
"now, as the debt burden doubles, it would heighten
the states' debt-servicing obligations and put further
pressure on the already fragile state governments,"
said kumar.
iba
hints at 0.5 per cent cut pn plr
new delhi: indicating a 0.5 per cent cut in prime
lending rate (plr), the indian banks association (iba)
on tuesday said it was dependent on cost of funds and
that another round of voluntary retirement scheme (vrs)
was in the offing. "the rate (plr) could be cut by
another 0.5 per cent," iba chairman dalbir singh
said here inaugurating a seminar organised by phd chamber
of commerce and industry. he, however, said such a reduction
would depend on the makets and cost of funds of banks.
"if the cost of funds permit me, i will do it,"
singh, also central bank of india chairman, said, adding
that it was dependent on individual banks to decide since
they have now been empowered to determine the plr on their
own. earlier, the banks had to wait for the reserve bank's
credit policy to announce their plr, but at present, they
need to weigh the costs before taking a decision. he said
there had been considerable reduction in plr in the last
six to seven years with an almost 10 per cent cut, to
the present industry average of 11-11.5 per cent with
only a few banks charging over that.
aviva
life insurance targets 3 per cent market share by dec
'03
kolkata: aviva life insurance co pvt ltd aims to
achieve three per cent share in the indian insurance market
by december 2003, according to aviva life managing director
stuart purdy. "aviva life's market share as of june
2003, stands at 1.3 per cent and we have set a target
to increase the figure to three per cent by december 2003,"
purdy said at a press conference here late on monday evening.
aviva life is a joint venture between dabur of india and
aviva plc of the uk. according to him, aviva life earned
total premium income of rs 26 crore during the six-month
period from january 2003 to june 2003. "we hope to
end the year with a total premium income of around rs
70 crore," he said. purdy said that out of the rs
70 crore target around 50 per cent will come from direct
sales agents' business and the remaining 50 pre cent from
bancassurance. "currently 75 per cent of our premium
comes from bancassurance and the remaining 25 per cent
from the direct sales agents' business. but we are planning
to increase the amount of our direct sales agents business
and double it to 2,500 by december 2003," he added.
roce
method should be extended to pvt terminals'
mumbai: the crisil infrastructure advisory has
recommended that a return on capital employed (roce) approach
for estimating the allowable returns be extended for private
terminals to further attract them into the sector. at
present, only major ports are under the purview of this.
the recommendations are part of a study commissioned by
the tariff authority for major ports (tamp), in a view
of increasing importance of private sector investments
in the sector. currently, the major ports are allowed
a roce to the extent of the government's lending rate
plus a three per cent contribution each to the two mandatory
reserves maintained by these port trusts. this works out
to 18.5 per cent.
dewan
housing to get rs 60 cr from ifc
mumbai: the international finance coproration,
the private sector arm of the world bank group, has signed
an agreement to provide a loan of rs 60 crore to dewan
housing finance corporation ltd, according to a press
release.
forex
dealers can offer rupee options from july 7
mumbai: authorised dealers in foreign exchange
will now be able to offer their customers another product
to hedge their currency exposures by way of `rupee options'',
effective from july 7. the reserve bank of india has stated
in a circular that authorised dealers having a minimum
crar of 9 per cent, on a back-to-back basis, and continuous
profitability for at least three years, and has a minimum
net worth of not less than rs 200 crore, may offer the
product. apart from this, they must have adequate internal
control, risk monitoring and management systems, including
a mark to market mechanism. upon fulfilment of the requisite
criteria, authorised dealers will be allowed to run an
option book after obtaining a one-time approval from the
rbi. initially only plain vanilla european options will
be offered, and customers will be allowed to purchase
call or put options. customers can also enter into packaged
products involving cost reduction structures provided
the structure does not increase the underlying risk and
does not involve customers receiving premium.
ucbs
allowed to extend loans to their directors
mumbai: urban co-operative banks (ucbs) can now
continue their existing advances to their directors, relatives,
firms and companies in which they are interested, up to
october 1. in april, the apex bank had prevented ucbs
from extending any loans and advances (both secured and
unsecured) these categories with immediate effect. the
ucbs were advised then that the existing advances extended
prior to april 29, 2003 might be allowed to continue up
to the date when they were due and that the advances should
not be renewed or extended further. an rbi circular said,
the extension has been granted in view the representations
received to provide some more time.
kisan
cards use picking up
mumbai: kisan credit cards seems to be catching
up with over 3 crore currently operational amongst farmers
in the country as on march 31. the target is to touch
5 crore by march 31, 2004, as envisioned by the prime
minister on independence day, which however looks a bit
difficult. the aim is to fulfil the prime minister's announced
plan of covering all `eligible farmers' - landowning farmers
and tenant farmers who are close to 5 crore in number
- under this card by march 31, 2004 in order to meet their
credit needs for cultivation purposes. the target period
may have to be extended considering that banks are expected
to issue only another 75 in the current year. at present,
70-80 per cent of the total credit given by the banking
system towards crop loans - rs 17,174 crore for the year
2001-02 - is now through kisan credit cards, according
to nabard officials. there is also an effort to make all
crop financing through kisan credit cards by march 31,
2004. through co-operative banks, scheduled commercial
banks and rural regional banks 3.13 crore kisan credit
cards have been issued in the country, according to the
figures available with nabard, the nodal agency of this
scheme. out of the 3.13 crore cards given out, 65 per
cent has been issued by co-operative banks, since they
are the traditional lenders towards crop loans, 25 per
cent by scheduled commercial banks mainly, public sector
banks and 10 per cent by regional rural banks, according
to the data collected by nabard.
bajaj
allianz opens office in kerala
thiruvanathapuram: bajaj allianz general insurance
company (bagic), a leading private general insurance company,
has opened its full-fledged office here, the first in
kerala. announcing this here, sam ghosh, chief executive
officer, said bajaj allianz would like to bring its products
to "this highly literate state". thiruvananthapuram,
the capital, offered a huge potential with several information
technology and business process outsourcing companies
having set up offices. according to ghosh, the company
has already bagged several prestigious clients in the
city. bajaj allianz was the first private general insurer
to set up full-fledged offices in the state, which is
known for its predominantly high percentage of middle
class population who needs affordable general insurance
products.
24 june 2003
kmbl
to set up arc
mumbai: kotak mahindra bank is setting up an asset
reconstruction company (arc), in partnership with other
domestic companies, for purchasing stressed assets of
other companies and restructuring them for commercially
viable sell-out. the arc will commence its operations
in the second quarter of the current fiscal and a decision
on other domestic partners would be taken in the next
two months, bank executive vice chairman and managing
director uday kotak said on monday. "we are setting
up the arc as the company has required expertise and skills
to recover the stressed assets," kotak said, adding
the bank would contribute upto 40 per cent of the total
capital requirement for the arc. the size of the asset
portfolio of the arc will be around rs 200-300 crore including
the stressed assets of kotak mahindra bank.
kotak
mahindra bank q4 net at rs 10 crore; to give 21 per cent
mumbai: kotak mahindra bank ltd has posted a net
profit of rs 10.06 crore for the quarter ended march 2003
as compared to rs 19.30 crore for the quarter ended march
31, 2002 after taking into account an expenditure of rs
20.85 crore towards its conversion into bank. total income
of the bank in the quarter has gone up by 53.26 per cent
to rs 80.65 crore from rs 52.62 crore in the corresponding
quarter of the previous fiscal. for the fiscal ended march
31, 2003, the company has posted a net profit of rs 44.96
crore for the year ended march 31, 2003 as compared to
rs 54.52 crore. total income has increased to rs 254.68
crore in the fiscal 2003 from rs 187.24 crore in the previous
fiscal. however, the previous year's figures are not strictly
comparable with those of the current year as the bank
has changed some of the accounting policies to ensure
compliance with banking regulations and banking industry
practices after its conversion into a bank with effect
from march 22, 2003. the group has posted a consolidated
net profit of rs 73.32 crore for the fiscal ended march
31, 2003 as compared to rs 84.09 crore for the year ended
march 31, 2002 after taking into account the expenditure
on the conversion into bank and losses made by its insurance
subsidiary. total income has increased from rs 606.07
crore in the financial year 2001-02 to rs 714.84 crore
in the year ended march 31, 2003
icici bank bags us magazine award
mumbai: icici bank has won dm review's world class
solution award 2003 in the `business intelligence' category
for its teradata enterprise data warehouse solution, according
to a company release. teradata, a division of ncr corporation,
on monday announced that icici bank was the first asia-pacific
organisation to receive the award from the american business
intelligence and analytics magazine. the bank uses the
teradata platform to develop tailored marketing campaigns
that have significantly boosted customer acquisition rates.
it has serviced over 11 million customers country-wide.
also, icici bank's credit cards and retail loans business
units attributed 25 per cent and 20 per cent respectively
of their new/incremental business in the past year to
cross-selling activities facilitated by the data warehouse.
hdfc to focus on secondary cities
kochi: having built up a strong bond with the retail
customers of the metros and major cities of the country,
housing development finance corporation (hdfc) has now
begun to focus on the secondary cities. inaugurating the
new hdfc office at palarivattom in kochi, r.v.s. rao,
executive director, said at a press conference that over
80 per cent of the institutions loan portfolio is retained
among the retail customer. only the remaining 20 per cent
is held by the corporates, where again the loan is most
often routed for building individual houses for the staff.
despite building a loan corpus of rs 9,950.87 crore last
year, the average size of borrowing remained a shade over
rs 3 lakh, rao said. and with the real estate development
gaining pace in the secondary cities and smaller towns,
the company was focusing on these areas as well. the banks
in the smaller cities have been focusing in high net worth
individuals, while hdfc would be focusing on the middle-income
group as the potential customer.
no plan to offload equity in non-life insurance cos
new delhi: the government has no immediate plans
to include the four nationalised non-life insurance companies
into the disinvestment list. at present, the four companies
are 100 per cent owned by the centre. "there is no
proposal before us to offload the government's holding
in any of the four non-life insurance companies,"
a senior official of the ministry of finance said.
after the success of the government's disinvestment of
its shares in maruti udyog ltd (mul), there had been speculations
in some quarters that the non-life insurance companies
may now be dragged into the disinvestment process. the
four companies are new india assurance co ltd, oriental
insurance co ltd, united india insurance co ltd and national
insurance co ltd. however, the finance ministry officials
did not completely rule out the possibility of going in
for dilution of centre's equity in the four companies
in future. "what proposals would come up in future
is difficult to say since the economic environment is
extremely dynamic. in view of this, it would not be proper
to rule out any of the options before us," officials
said.
lok
adalat settles 390 bank cases in tn
coimbatore: lok adalat is emerging as the most
successful platform in settlement of bank cases. hundreds
of bank cases (in the pre-litigative stage) had been settled
before the lok adalat between january and may 2003, compared
to the corresponding period of the earlier year. the details
furnished by the coimbatore district legal services authority
reveal that a settlement had been reached in 390 cases
and the amount settled had touched a high of rs 5.15 crore
during the first five months of the current calendar year.
but between january and december 2002, only 42 cases had
been settled for rs 30.22 lakh. indian overseas bank topped
the list with 111 cases, followed by bank of india at
85, bank of baroda 54, state bank of india 45, union bank
of india 39, central bank of india 30, canara bank 25
and indian bank with just one case.
india's
consolidated debt to surge: icra
new delhi: india's consolidated debt is likely
to swell with many states accessing markets for pre-paying
high cost loans, credit rating agency icra has cautioned.
"the pre-payment of state government loans, mostly
funded by the market, will show up as reduction in the
centre's liabilities, although it will raise the consolidated
debt of the centre and state governments," icra said
in the latest issue of 'money and finance'. warning that
the pre-payment of state government loans to the centre
would have "sizeable" impact, icra said, "it
is not known what the accounting treatment is going to
be." according to market sources, during the fortnight
ended june 13, rbi mopped up rs 7,000 crore through on-tap
sale of state loans under centre-state debt swap scheme,
which enables states to pre-pay high cost debt and substitute
them by current low coupon-bearing small savings and the
open market loans.
23 june 2003
indusind bank
eyeing nbfcs for acquisition
mumbai: the hindujas-promoted indusind bank is
looking at non-banking finance companies for acquisition.
"we are interested in acquiring nbfc business. we
are looking at some of the potential candidates for acquisition.
it is too early to talk about them'' said mr bhaskar ghose,
managing director, indusind bank.
short-term securities evoke little interest
mumbai: bond markets surged during the week propelled
by retreating inflation and buoyant foreign exchange inflows
into the country.
but
traders also said that the bond market stimulus was also
provided by the poor credit demand in the market, as most
banks saddled with deposits have been shifting to short-term
and medium-term debt to part their funds.
rising
rupee blunts exporters' edge
new delhi: although the extent of appreciation
of the indian rupee vis-à-vis the us dollar is
not high compared with other currencies, the fact that
some of india's competitors' currencies such as that of
china, malaysia, thailand, taiwan and the philippines
have either not appreciated or appreciated slightly less
than india or simply depreciated has impacted adversely
on indian exporters, blunting their competitive edge.
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